The Sustainable Development Goals are 17 interconnected objectives established by the United Nations in 2015, aimed at promoting global sustainability and addressing critical social, economic, and environmental challenges.

Economic growth measures quantitative increases in production and income, while economic development focuses on qualitative improvements in living standards, education, and social equity.

Income inequality has increased globally due to technological advancements, globalization, and policy changes, impacting economic growth, social mobility, and political stability across societies.

Microfinance and cash transfers provide financial resources to underserved populations, promoting economic growth and improving living conditions through targeted support and social protection measures.

Public economics examines government policies, market failures, taxation, public goods, externalities, and their impacts on efficiency, equity, and societal welfare through various analytical frameworks.

Emerging markets are rapidly growing economies characterized by high growth potential, diverse regulatory environments, and significant investment opportunities alongside inherent risks and complexities.