Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, revolutionized economic welfare by emphasizing individual freedoms and capabilities, challenging traditional metrics, and influencing global policy on poverty and inequality.

The Sustainable Development Goals are 17 interconnected objectives established by the United Nations in 2015, aimed at promoting global sustainability and addressing critical social, economic, and environmental challenges.

Economic growth measures quantitative increases in production and income, while economic development focuses on qualitative improvements in living standards, education, and social equity.

Health economics applies economic principles to healthcare, focusing on resource allocation, cost-effectiveness, and decision-making to improve health outcomes for policymakers, providers, and patients.

Automation and artificial intelligence are transforming global economies, enhancing productivity while creating challenges related to job displacement, income inequality, and the need for workforce reskilling.

Urbanization drives economic growth by enhancing productivity, fostering innovation, and creating job opportunities, while effective planning is essential to address associated challenges and inequalities.