Public transportation significantly enhances urban economies by increasing property values, improving job accessibility, and stimulating economic growth through infrastructure investment and efficient transit systems.

Social Security and welfare programs provide economic security to vulnerable groups, facing sustainability challenges amid demographic shifts and the need for effective policy design and funding.

Carbon pricing is a market-based strategy that assigns a cost to greenhouse gas emissions, promoting reductions through taxes and cap-and-trade systems while addressing climate change challenges.

Economic growth measures quantitative increases in production and income, while economic development focuses on qualitative improvements in living standards, education, and social equity.

Minimum wage policies aim to protect workers and improve living standards while balancing potential job losses and economic impacts on businesses and consumers.

Urbanization drives economic growth by enhancing productivity, fostering innovation, and creating job opportunities, while effective planning is essential to address associated challenges and inequalities.