Urban economics analyzes how economic forces shape cities, focusing on land use, transportation, housing markets, and labor markets to address urban challenges and opportunities.

Emerging markets are rapidly growing economies characterized by high growth potential, diverse regulatory environments, and significant investment opportunities alongside inherent risks and complexities.

Environmental economics analyzes economic activities’ effects on the environment, addressing pollution, resource depletion, and climate change, while promoting sustainable resource management and effective policies.

Renewable energy drives global climate action, enhances economic growth, and creates jobs while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and improving energy security through technological advancements and policies.

Microfinance and cash transfers provide financial resources to underserved populations, promoting economic growth and improving living conditions through targeted support and social protection measures.

Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, revolutionized economic welfare by emphasizing individual freedoms and capabilities, challenging traditional metrics, and influencing global policy on poverty and inequality.