Public economics examines government policies, market failures, taxation, public goods, externalities, and their impacts on efficiency, equity, and societal welfare through various analytical frameworks.

Social Security and welfare programs provide economic security to vulnerable groups, facing sustainability challenges amid demographic shifts and the need for effective policy design and funding.

Renewable energy drives global climate action, enhances economic growth, and creates jobs while reducing reliance on fossil fuels and improving energy security through technological advancements and policies.

Health economics applies economic principles to healthcare, focusing on resource allocation, cost-effectiveness, and decision-making to improve health outcomes for policymakers, providers, and patients.

The gig economy features flexible work arrangements, independent contractors, and digital platforms, reshaping traditional employment dynamics while raising concerns about worker rights and benefits.

Amartya Sen, a Nobel laureate, revolutionized economic welfare by emphasizing individual freedoms and capabilities, challenging traditional metrics, and influencing global policy on poverty and inequality.